The disintegration of religion

The disintegration of religion The disintegration of religion Secularism is understood as the disintegration of religion from democratic process of a state. In our society, social, political and economical values and decisions are highly integrated and, more often than not, are created and based around a backbone of theology and religion. It is because of this structure that secularism cannot be a functional element of the western world. For the purpose of this paper I will concentrate on Americas continued infatuation with religion and religious practices. To be more specific on Secularism in the western world I want to concentrate on America to be able to expand and fully understand the close ties that exists between Americas government and the religious right. American economic and social policies have created a sort of free market when it comes to its citizens desire for religious choice. Since there is a large variety of religions within the United States, it is only natural for people to be interested in what these different denominations have to offer and if these offerings appeal to them. According to Anderson, the amount and intensity of religiosity a culture exhibits depend on the quality and quantity of religion available. (Anderson) The ease of accessibility of religion in America can thus be perceived as the flood of religion, and when religious becomes pluralistic it also becomes more active, energetic and integrated into peoples lives. It is important to recognize the dominance of religious belief in America to fully understand the integration of religious ideas and practices into democratic decisions. Upward of 60 percent of Americans (nearly thrice the European percentage) claim that religion plays a very important role in their daily lives, and more than 80 percent of Americans profess belief in God. (Anderson) If there is such a high percentage of Americans claiming that religion plays a direct role in their daily lives, the heavy incorporation of religion into democratic procedures and decisions comes as no shock. With many Americans using religion to help them make decisions on a day to day basis through their interaction with others it is difficult to persuade them to disintegrate Church and State. The United States has more religious institutions per capita than any other nation on Earth. With religion being so profoundly integrated into American society, it follows that religion must also play a key role in their democratic and social practices. The general opinion is that government in the United States can be separate from its members religious views. Although this seems like an ideal situation for governing a state of many people, this is not reality. American foreign and domestic laws are put in place in an attempt to halt perceived evil doings. These perceptions are created and bestowed into our minds because of our individual religious beliefs. These evil doings are understood and thought as being evil because of some sort of religious connotation and backbone of belief that the acts that these laws are restricting are bad. A large reason why people look for religious truth is to reinforce some form of good, or light at the end of the tunnel. The notion of good and evil comes from the issue of human morality and human morality steams from some sort of religious belief. Religion is now the most powerful predictor of party identification and partisan voting intention. (Anderson) American political parties are shaping the message they convey to their people based on what these people want to hear. When people of a state are told what must be done in order to achieve and create a better country for its citizens they are expecting to hear what they, themselves would do in particular situations that arise when governing a country. In order for political parties to gain confidence from their projected voting populous they must present their arguments for change in ways their voters can agree and rejoice upon. With the majority of Republican supporters commencing from Christian faith it is a matter of excellent political strategy to completely integrate your potential governmental policies around that of the Christian faith, to also have party leaders who are committed Christians themselves, and to show and promote an agenda of Political change according t o the doctrines of that religious faith. Through polling, it has become evident that Republican supporters throughout the United States are heavily involved in religious practices. Many believe that the Republication Party is becoming an extension of the Religious Right in the United States. The Republican Party, its members and its followers all share a similar religious view, and many consider the Party to have a faith-based initiative and agenda for the American people. This integration of beliefs between Party and people is essential to the Partys political success. The Partys views on domestic and foreign policy are fueled by these similar beliefs that they share with their devoted followers, which are rooted directly within religion. Even through present modernization of the world, its understanding how things work, and advances in modern science, American political parties, government, and social organizations are holding onto their devoted religious values and stick to their known right of religious practice. Americ an secularists must face the fact that most U.S. citizens believe in God (Stout). These people are going to elect representatives that they believe have the ability and willpower to protect the constitutional rights as fellow believers and to also act on those beliefs as deemed necessary. During the American year 2000 election, four out of every ten votes George W. Bush received were from Christian voters. This is a very significant amount of votes when understanding the impact they have to decide the winner of an election. The interests of a religious group can be taken care of when one can ensure the candidate is willing to push Christian values and gets voted in through the power of numbers. Amongst American voters, white Evangelical people now make up nearly two thirds of American registered voters. (Anderson) Through the power of election, these religious conservatives shape the way American society interacts with itself and dictates Americas foreign policy through a very specific religious agenda. American views on family life, charity, correctional facilities, drug laws, welfare, etc. are all fueled by the backbone that the country has in its administrations present and past religious integrations. The hidden shadow of religious belief surrounding all aspects o f American life acts to quietly regulate their national and domestic agenda with an attempt to avoid a backlash from non-believers. These actions have the approval and they resonate with many American peoples, (though they horrify countless secular, relativistic American and European peoples), with the power of democracy; majority wins. In European countries there is a trend shifting away from the integration of Church, people, and State as many people in these countries are now removed from their religious constraints. It is believed that the push towards modernity in a state brings about secularist changes. This is most noticeable in European countries where attendance at religious services is declining considerably. Religious organizations within Europe are seeing a decline in attendance, an increase in the median age of believers, and indifference in beliefs. Almost all of Western Europes spiritual existence now conveys the sagacity of collapse and lack of interest. Young Europeans are apt to a more individualistic and secular approach in their daily lives and this is reflected in their social, democratic, and economic views, which can be directly correlated with their dealings- not only domestically but abroad as well. If the modernity of Western European countries is pushing social and democratic views towards a more secular state, then why has this not occurred within the United States and the rest of the western world? If modernity inevitably brings secularism, a disenchantment of the world, then how is it that the United States-the modern nation par excellence-is so religious? (Anderson) The European modernity movement has fashioned a division of church and state, while the modernization of the Unites States has brought about very heavy integration of Church and State, thereby further uniting religion and democracy in solitary. With the continued integration of religious beliefs into American Politics, many around the world are concerned over where the American political agenda is headed in terms of foreign relations and policy. There is a thought that the fundamentalist views located within American politics are slowly hijacking the United States and their state of being. With modern science being so integrated into peoples lives it is startling to believe how many Americans believe perceived absolute religious truth over scientific evidence and testimony Three times as many Americans believe in the Virgin Birth as in Evolution. (Anderson) Many believe that Americas foreign policy during the Bush administration was fueled by a religious agenda. Forcing the religious nature of the United States and their Christian values on whomever they see as different and less superior has been seen in many instances throughout the Bush administrations term in office. Americas crusade in the Muslim world is seen as a push of their religious views on people whom they see as different and with less superior religious conclusions; this is all said to be masked by a war on terror. Many believe that this religious crusade coul d also push the United States to cut its foreign aid to countries that use the acquired assistance in ways that may not be religiously accepted at home, i.e. to hand out birth control to its citizens. On the other hand there are various specific historical instances where true change would not have been able to come about had secularist views been followed, for example the South African triumph over apartheid and the Polish triumph over Soviet oppression. (Stout) If during the African triumph over apartheid Nelson Mandela had taken a secular stance against the apartheid then he would have not gained the support of African and World Churches. If during the Polish triumph religious intervention did not exist then Poland would be at a standstill and a dead end. In these instances the integration of Church and State is very important and helped break constraining and persecuting road blocks. The integration of Church and State within the United States dictates how America interacts with other nations, and with other nations focusing on becoming more secular by disintegrating Church and State foreign relations between America and many countries is being severely tainted. Understanding the implications of a secular world living with a very non-secular United States is very important when understanding and contemplating the correction of foreign relationships throughout the world. Secularism is understood as the disintegration of religion from democratic process of a state. In America, social and political standards are greatly incorporated, shaped and implemented based around a composition of theology and religion. It is because of this very integrated structure that secularism is not a practical component of the western world, more particularly in the United States of America. Democratic secularists in America face a very difficult predicament and when they take their opinions, attempt to act on them through action, they are likely to fall short when attempted to be fully put into use. True secularists in America seem to lack strategy and their means have no end, and that at the crucial point in the argument, everything becomes vague (Stout).

Stakeholder Influence

Stakeholder Influence Common ground is needed between the program and the stakeholders. Meeting the needs of the program, the clients as well as the stakeholders is important. As a grant writer it would be important to consider all sides of the plan. Knowing the goals and mission for the program as well as the desires of the stakeholders and their desires to put their money to good use is beneficial to a well written proposal. So many times the proposal or grant will lean towards only the needs of the program leaving out the needs of the funders. Finally the success of the overall program not only depends on customer satisfaction, but also on approval of various stakeholders. Let us begin by defining stakeholders, as a group of people who have an interest in said organization.  Without funding the program will be helpless in providing and achieving the programs goals.  Understanding and meeting the needs of the stakeholders or funding source will help one in developing a well thought out program. Making the changes may be challenging but one most stay focused by considering not just the program, the stakeholders but the clients and community as well. Encouraging management, staff, and stakeholders to take part in the development of how the program will use evaluation tools allows the funders to take part and have a say in areas that they may have expertise. When seeking funding from outside sources one needs to realize that having a say in how the money is used will produce a trust factor that could ensure future funding. Many stakeholders may have an executive that purpose is to assist programs with evaluations. This not only can help the program cut evaluation costs it allows the stakeholders obtain information for future funding sources. Normal expectations of stakeholders are simply to know they are not wasting their money. Then need to know and expect that the monies allotted will be used wisely and that good works and results are being accomplished. Stakeholders power can vary according to their say and level of involvement in the program. Evaluations are very important when it comes to writing grants. Having a good evaluation plan again is the best way to secure the funding needed for the program. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis will create a strong evaluation tool for the program. Evaluation of the services offered and performed will give both the program and stakeholders a clear picture of what is working and those services that might need to be deleted or revamped. Evaluations will allow the program to look at what was the most cost-effective method of providing a service or program. A well designed and organized evaluation plan will serve as a guide for staff to oversee and evaluate each other, services provided and with instructions on how the plan will be used, and instrumented into the program. Evaluation plans will show stakeholders what is to be evaluated and how the evaluation will be conducted. Funding agencies want to see evaluations reports and at times many want to participate in the evaluation process.  They want the most and the best for their dollar.  In human service programs need cooperation of the stakeholders.  From the Board of Directors, employees, vendors, client, and community there must be direct, or indirect interaction. Most agencies offering funding have guidelines in what they expect for grant seekers. Engaging and involving the stakeholders ensures that they are being understood and feedback is being given on a regular and timely basis. Sometimes, negotiating with stakeholders to formulate a clear and logical description will bring benefits before data are available to evaluate program effectiveness. The Cleveland Foundation is a funding institution that works with human service organizations. My chosen scenario is The Madison Childrens Hospital is a perfect candidate for a grant from Cleveland. This organization assists with charitable organizations, that focus on educational, medical, and medical research institutions with the purpose of improving the lives of those in need. The foundation requires all potential grant applicants to submit a grant inquiry, outlining basic information about the proposed project. Grant inquiries can be submitted at any time. If it is determined that your project fits the foundations guidelines, you will be asked within a few weeks to submit a full application (Cleveland).  The Cleveland Foundation has funds to award to organizations from a few hundred dollars to four million dollars based upon the needs of the program. In awarding a grant the Cleveland Foundations expectations will play a major role in the program policies.  Evaluation reports will be required with should include: date of commencement, the program schedule, up to date budget reports, performance evaluations of staff, client control should be done on a regular basis. The program must adhere to the standards of the funding organization.   In conclusion stakeholders play a very important role in the development of a human service program.  Without stakeholders the program may not be as successful as it may have intended to be. The needs and expectations of the stakeholder need to be addressed in a proper manner to ensure a long term relationship and success of the program.  Having a healthy relationship with the stakeholders of any human service program enhances the services offered through the ongoing monitoring of those in charge.  Updated information ensures that the clients are benefitted by the services offered and feedback is continuous. Meeting the needs of the clients and those coming for service is the priority of any human service organization. Being able to meet those needs will come from a well planned program that includes every department and service. References Free Management Library (1997-2009).  Basic Guide to Program Evaluation. Retrieved September 10, 2009 from: http://managementhelp.org/evaluatn/fnl_eval.htm The Cleveland Foundation (2009). Retrieved on September 9, 2009 from: http://www.clevelandfoundation.org/ Subramanian Ram (1998). Meeting the expectations of key stakeholders. Retrieved September 10, 2009 from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6698/is_n2_v63/ai_n28707780/pg_1/?tag=content;col1

Essay on Okonkwo and Nwoye in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart

Understanding Okonkwo and Nwoye in Achebe’s Things Fall Apart  Ã‚   Two passages from the story Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, provide the reader with a more profound understanding of Okonkwo, and his son Nwoye.   The two do not have a good relationship and it becomes worse as the story progresses.  Ã‚   Throughout the book the two become increasingly distant and it is apparent that Okonkwo is very disappointed in his son.   After the death of Ikemefuna, Nwoye begins to question many aspects of his life, especially religion.   As the Christian missionaries spend more time with the members of the village, Nwoye becomes interested in this new religion.   The first passage I have chosen discusses Nwoye’s feelings about Christianity.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"But there was a young lad who had been captivated.   His name was Nwoye,   Okonkwo’s first son.   It was not the mad logic of the Trinity that captivated him.  Ã‚   He did not understand it.   It was the poetry of the new religion, something felt in   the marrow.   The hymn about brothers who sat in the darkness and in fear seemed   to answer a vague and persistent question that haunted his young soul - the   question of the twins crying in the bush and the questions of Ikemefuna who was   killed.   He felt a relief within as the hymn poured into his parched soul.   The words   panting earth.   Nwoye’s callow mind was greatly puzzled (147).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This passage shows the reader that Nwoye is extremely different from many members of his family and the other members of the village.   After Okonkwo learns that his son is interested in the new religion he is furious.   Okonkwo has always been disappointed in his son.   He believes that Nwoye is not as strong as a man of their clan should be.   When Okonkwo was Nwoye’s ... ... clansmen, his ancestors, and worst of all himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning of the story, Okonkwo’s relationship with his son was strained.   Toward the end of the story, Nwoye has left is his family and will never see his father again.   The elders of the village put much emphasis on family life and helping fellow clansmen.   Okonkwo’s family life had increasingly gone downhill as the story progressed.   This book can be related to any family, even though it was written in a different time and place.   Family problems affect everyone and this story shows the reader how certain problems are dealt with.   I don’t believe, however, that Okonkwo’s family took care of their problems in a productive manner.   With better communication, Nwoye’s leaving and Okonkwo’s death may have been prevented.    Works Cited: Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Oxford: Heinemann, 1986.

Investigate whether firelighter, wood, ethanol, paraffin or wax contains the most energy :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigate whether firelighter, wood, ethanol, paraffin or wax contains the most energy Energy In Different Fuels Aim: I am going to investigate which fuels contain the most energy between; firelighter, wood, ethanol, paraffin and wax. Prediction: I think that the fuel that contains the most energy is the one that produces the highest rise in temperature of the water. I know this because†¦ Heat + fuel + oxygen => CO2 + H20 + energy. The energy realised is heat and light energy, which is dependent on the chemical potential energy in the fuel. The greater the chemical potential energy the more energy is transferred as heat and light; the greater the rise in temperature. And because of the fire triangle: tri2.gif (22406 bytes) Apparatus: List: Stop watch Thermometer Splint Clamp Matches Boiling tube Heat proof mat Fuels: Firelighter, Wood, Ethanol, Paraffin, Wax. Method (Preliminary test): first of all, I will make sure I take all of the safety precautions, I.e. tie back long hair, use goggles and make sure the room is well ventilated. Secondly I will set out the apparatus and get all the equipment from the list (shown on the previous page). Using the measuring cylinder, I will put 20cm3 of distilled water into a boiling tube, and take the starting temperature. In order to make this a fair test I will burn the fuel for one minute only, use 20cm3 of water and make sure the tip of the fuel’s flame is under the boiling tube. After the minute is up, I will blow out the flame or place the lid of the fuel over it, (cutting off the oxygen). I will then take the finial temperature. Then I will repeat the experiment for the other four fuels, in order to establish which two fuels produced the highest rise in temperature of the water. Method - Comparison: I will then compare these two fuels by heating them until they get to a certain temperature noting down the time every time the temperature increases by 10 °C in order to form a scatter graph using line of best fit. I will use step one and most of step two from the preliminary test (first of all, I will make sure I take all of the safety precautions, I.e. tie back long hair, use goggles and make sure the room is well ventilated. Secondly I will set out the apparatus and get all the equipment from the list (shown on the previous page). Using the measuring cylinder, I will put 20cm3 of distilled water into a boiling tube,) I then heat the water using the first fuel until it rises to 100 °C, noting the time every 10 °C starting from 20 °C.

Legality of Suicide and Assisted Suicide :: essays research papers

Suicide has become a big part of American society, year after year more people are taking their own lives for many different reasons. A lot of philosophers have broken down all the reasons of suicides into two different categories, rational suicide and irrational suicide. A rational suicide has been given five basic criteria that usually must be met for the person's act to be considered rational. The five criteria which a person must show for their suicide to be considered rational are, "the ability to reason, realistic world view, adequacy of information, avoidance of harm, and accordance with fundamental interests."(Battin 132) Another opinion of rationality of suicide is, "it is the best thing for him from the point of view of his own welfare-or whether it is the best thing for someone being advised, from the point of view of that person's welfare"(Brandt 118). People have to characterize suicides because a lot of times they don't understand what that person is going through so by grouping them and placing criteria on them it allows them to accept it in an easier manner. A lot of suicides are grouped in the rational category because they are committed so the person can be saved from the pain they may be experiencing from a terminal disease. This seems to be just about the only true rational and morally correct reason why a person should commit suicide. Yet a lot of times these patients are "heavily sedated, so that it is impossible for the mental processes of decision leading to action to occur."(Brandt 123) In other words these patients have a rational reason to commit suicide, yet their mind is not capable of making that decision. So if terminally ill patients are the only ones who have a good rational reason to commit suicide, then where does that leave everyone else? Well just about everyone else commits suicide because of a little thing that enters everyone's life at some time and that thing is called depression. Depression can come from several different things, such as a loss of something like a job, a loved one, a limb such as an arm or leg, or anything else that might be held dear to that person. Other things could be rejection at home or in the work place, abuse, and sometimes even the thought of getting old and not wanting to know what tomorrow holds in store.

Hall High/Low Communication

Hall High/Low Context Communication In this essay I’d like to  express my opinion about Hall’s Context Communication. In general, in today's business relations, it's a small world after all. As more companies turn towards global markets, professionals are finding themselves in foreign locales, wheeling and dealing like never before. However, the key to effective communication between countries is an understanding of each other's culture, especially a working knowledge of how each society conveys meaning.First used by author Edward Hall, the expressions â€Å"high context† and â€Å"low context† are labels denoting inherent cultural differences between societies. High-context and low-context communication refers to how much speakers rely on things other than words to convey meaning. Hall states that in communication, individuals face many more sensory cues than they are able to fully process. In each culture, members have been supplied with specific †Å"filters† that allow them to focus only on what society has deemed important.In general, cultures that favor low-context communication will pay more attention to the literal meanings of words than to the context surrounding them. When individuals from high-context and low-context cultures collaborate, there are often difficulties that occur during the exchange of information. These problems can be separated into differences concerning â€Å"direction†, â€Å"quantity† and â€Å"quality. For example, employees from high-context cultures like China and France share very specific and extensive information with their â€Å"in-group members† (good friends, families, close coworkers, etc). In comparison, low-context cultures like the United States and Germany prefer to limit communication to smaller, more select groups of people, sharing only that information which is necessary. And now I’d like to speak in detail about the main features of each kind of Context Communication. High-Context CommunicationHall: â€Å"Most of the information is either in the physical context or initialized in the person. † * Knowledge is situational, relational * Less is verbally explicit or written or formally expressed * More internalized understandings of what is communicated (ex: â€Å"in-jokes†) * Often used in long term, well-established relationships * Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face communication, often around a central, authoritative figure * Strong awareness of who is accepted/belongs vs. outsiders† Low Context Communication Hall: â€Å"The mass of information is vested in the explicit code [message]. † * Rule oriented * More knowledge is public, external, and accessible. * Shorter duration of communications * Knowledge is transferable * Task-centered. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done and the division of responsibilities. To draw the conclusion, once can say tha t communication is everything, so make sure you know not only  what  to say, but also  how  to say it!

Teenage Smoking in United Kingdom

Teenage Smoking in United Kingdom Background: Young people’s tobacco use continues to be a widely recognised public health challenge in UK. In November 2010, the government introduced the White Paper Healthy lives, Healthy People: Our Strategy for Public Health in England which set the government’s long-term ambitions for improving public health in England. The White Paper recognised the harmful effects smoking has on public health and made a commitment to publish a tobacco control strategy with the aim to minimise tobacco use.It is estimated that each year in England around 340,000 children under the age of 16 who have never smoked before try smoking cigarettes (Department of Health, 209). Every year, around 200,000 children and young people start smoking regularly (HM Government, 2010). Of these 67% start before the age of 18 and 84% by age 19 (Robinson & Bugler, 2008). The annual Government survey of smoking among secondary school pupils defines regular smoking as sm oking at least one cigarette a week. However, in 2011 pupils classified as regular smokers smoked a mean (average) of 35. cigarettes a week, approximately five a day. Occasional smokers consumed on average 3. 5 cigarettes a week (ICHS, 2012). The number of cigarettes smoked by both regular and occasional smokers have fallen significantly since 2007. The proportion of children who have ever smoked continues to decline. In 2011, 25% of 11-15 year olds had smoked at least once, the lowest proportion since the survey began in 1982 when 53% had tried smoking (ICHS, 2012). Previously, girls had been more likely than boys to have ever smoked and to be regular smokers.However, in 2011, a similar proportion of boys and girls said they had tried smoking (25% and 26% respectively. ) The prevalence of regular smoking increases with age, from less than 0. 5% of 11 year olds to 11% of 15 years old. Smoking initiation is associated with a wide range of risk factors including: parental and sibling smoking, the ease of obtaining cigarettes, smoking by friends and peer group members, socio-economic status, exposure to tobacco marketing, and depictions of smoking in films, television and other media (Royal College of Physician, 2010). ttp://l3. kottonmouthkings. com/sites/default/files/styles/kroniclesnode/public/field/image/Teen-Marijuana. jpg Smoking and health: Evidence shows that smoking has negative effects on young people’s health, including respiratory illnesses, poorer lung function, and asthma related illnesses. It can also impair lung growth (Muller, 2007). Young smokers are two to six times more susceptible to coughs, increased phlegm and wheezing than their non-smoking peers (Royal College of Physicians, 1992).There is evidence that young people who smoke experience high rates of nicotine dependence and tend to continue the habit into adulthood (Gervais et al, 2006). Around two-thirds of people who smoked started the habit before the age of 18 (HSCIC, 2010). T he risks to young smokers continue into later life. Individuals who start smoking before the age of 18 face a greater risk of all types of tobacco related cancers, linked primarily to their earlier exposure to the harmful toxins from cigarettes.Furthermore, girls who start smoking at a young age are much more likely to develop bronchitis or emphysema in adulthood than those who began smoking as adults (Gervais et al, 2006). . Teenage smokers and cessation service: Cigarette smoking among children aged 11–15 years constitutes a persistent and substantial health issue in Britain. Based on figures for England in 2004 (Department of health, 2005). Responding to this situation, there has been some official recognition of the need for cessation services to target young people.In September 1999 the Health Education Authority (later to become the Health Development Agency) sponsored a conference titled  Smoking Cessation in Young People: Should we do more to help young smokers to q uit? On the basis of the findings from the conference, Foulds  (1999)  concluded that: * There is ample evidence from both surveys and telephone help lines which demonstrate that a significant proportion of young smokers want to stop smoking, and are willing to seek help to do so. There is need for current smoking cessation services to consider the needs of young smokers. The message, however, does not appear to have been translated into concerted action. Although children were identified in the ‘Smoking Kills’ White Paper as a target group for reduced smoking, they have received a surprising lack of attention in terms of the service provision linked to smoking cessation. This point is illustrated by the Health Development Agency's recommendations to primary care trusts and service providers  West et al (2003)  and  West et al (2003a).While these recommendations do not completely overlook the matter of service provision for young people – the fact that young smokers are identified in the Government's targets serves to ensure that they receive some mention on various occasions – it is difficult to escape the impression that young people are of marginal concern compared with the general adult population of smokers and the specific target groups of pregnant women and mothers with young children.In the recommendations for service providers one short paragraph is dedicated to the question ‘What services should be provided for teenagers? ’(West et al, 2003a). This reads: ‘There have been some studies looking at the needs of this group, but there is no hard evidence on which to recommend a particular approach and a stages-of-change derived intervention has not shown any benefits. ’ Stake Holders Involved in Teenage smoking cessation service: A multi integrated effort need to put in action to be successful in teenage smoking cessation programme.It is not only the duty of government to make sure to keep the teenager away from smoking. Everyone in the society that includes school teachers, parents, health planner, clinicians, and the teenage smoker them self need to be involved in the whole process to make the smoking cessation programs successful. Ethical Principles in Teenage smoking cessation Service: Ethical principles related to smoking cessation service include: * Collect information * Act on information * Advocacy and empowerment Provide information * Achieve community health with respect for individual rights * Feedback from the community (Public health leadership society, 2002) All the stakeholders that include public and private sectors involve in teenage smoking cessation service need to collect effective information about teenage smoking that could be from research or local and national survey. A set of good and effective policies need to be initiated by the government based on the information collected.Public support need to be gain on those policies to make teenage smokin g cessation service successful and ensure advocacy. Governance: http://www. smokefreeaction. org. uk/files/images/VM_graph. jpg In March 2011, the government published Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A Tobacco Control Plan for England (Department of Health, 2011). This stated that tobacco use amongst adults must be tackled in order to reduce the number of young people who take up smoking. National ambitions to cut smoking rates in England by the end of 2015 were introduced: †¢ To reduce smoking prevalence among adults to 18. % or less; †¢ To reduce rates of regular smoking (defined as smoking at least one cigarette a week) among 15 year olds to 12% or less; and †¢ To reduce smoking during pregnancy to 11% or less (measured at the time of birth). Six priority areas for action were defined to achieve these ambitions: †¢ Stopping the promotion of tobacco; †¢ Making tobacco less affordable; †¢ Effective regulation of tobacco products; †¢ Helping tobacco users quit; †¢ Reducing exposure to second-hand smoke; and †¢ Effective communications for tobacco control.In October 2007, it became illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18(rather than 16, as previously). The Tobacco Control Plan acknowledges this but states that young people continue to find new ways to evade the law, either by directly purchasing or getting tobacco through other means. The strategy sets out the aim to continue efforts to reduce the availability of tobacco to young people. There is evidence to suggest that the display of tobacco products in shops can affect young people’s future intentions to smoke.The Health Act 2009 was introduced to prohibit the display of tobacco products at the point of sale by the end of 2013. It also banned sales from vending machines from October 2011. Both measures were introduced explicitly to protect young people from the harms of smoking. New legislation came into effect in April 2012, ending to bacco displays in all large shops and supermarkets; this will be extended to smaller shops in 2015. Below there are some initiatives taken by the Government to reduce teenage smoking in UK? * Reducing affordability:There is considerable evidence to show that making tobacco less affordable is an effective way of reducing the prevalence of smoking (and young people are particularly sensitive to price). 34Reductions in affordability can be driven by taxation on tobacco products or prior on tobacco products. The availability of cheaper illicit tobacco products undermines the effectiveness of high prices and increases affordability, especially for more disadvantaged groups who are more likely to buy illicit tobacco. 17 * Action on illicit tobacco:Joint action by the UK Border Agency overseas and HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) at home continues to maintain downward pressure on the market for illicit tobacco, and HMRC has employed an additional 200 staff devoted to tackling hand-rolled tobacc o (Department of health, 2010). Government has developed a cross-departmental illicit tobacco marketing strategy to encourage reductions in demand for illicit tobacco. * Vending machines: Since vending machines are self-service, they offer easy (and often unsupervised) access to tobacco, including for young people under the legal age at which they may be sold tobacco (18 years).Government will prohibit the sale of tobacco from vending machines, subject to Parliamentary consideration of regulations. * Reducing the attractiveness of tobacco products. * Removal of the display of tobacco products by retailers. * Limiting exposure to tobacco use in the media. * Reducing the promotion of tobacco through tobacco accessories. * Increasing awareness of the harms of tobacco. Legal Aspects of teenage smoking cessation: Health policy is largely formulated and implemented by the devolved administrations of each of the member countries of the United Kingdom.However, as tobacco falls within the re mit of a number of different government departments: e. g. Treasury, Business, HMRC as well as Health, tobacco control policy is partly determined at UK-wide level and partly by the devolved administrations. The four nations of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have responsibility for their own smoking cessation and health education campaigns while UK-wide policy and law applies to taxation, smuggling, advertising, and consumer protection issues such as the provision of health warnings on tobacco packaging.Some of these measures are determined by European Union legislation. The law related to inhibit teenage or youth smoking are as follows: * The protection from tobacco (Sales from vending machines0 (England) regulations 2012: Sales of tobacco from vending machines is prohibited from 1 October 201. As discussed before most of the teenager got access to the vending machine without proving their age and able to buy cigarettes. * The Children and Young Persons (Sale of Toba cco  etc. ) Order 2007: In force legislation England and Wales.A separate order exists for Scotland. From 1 October 2007 the minimum age for the purchase of tobacco was raised from 16 to 18. The Act updates and amends the Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991. * Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991  (External Web Page): In force legislation England, Wales and Scotland only The Act amended and strengthened the existing Children and Young Persons Act 1933 and the Children and Young Persons Act (Scotland) 1937 regarding the sale of tobacco to minors.This Act increased the penalties for the sale of tobacco to persons under the age of 16, prohibited the sale of unpackaged cigarettes and made provision for local authorities to undertake enforcement action relating to offences connected to the sale of tobacco. * EU COM(2002) 303 final (Proposal): This council recommendation seeks to tighten tobacco control measures with particular emphas is on youth access to tobacco. Amongst the proposals: * Adult only access to cigarette machines * Removal of tobacco products from display Young people to prove their age prior to purchase * Banning sales of packets of 10 * These recommendations do not call for primary legislation but propose changes to existing legislation such as directives on product regulation and labelling. Reference List: Department of Health (2011),’Healthy lives, healthy people: a tobacco control plan for England’. [Online] Available at: http://www. dh. gov. uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_124960. pdf (Accessed 5th December 2012).Department of Health (2009), ‘Impact Assessment for the Health bill’ [Online] Available at: http://www. dh. gov. uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsLegislation/DH_123583 (Accessed 2nd December, 2012). Gervais A, O’Loughlin J et al (2006) ‘Milestones in the natural course of onset of cig arette use among adolescents’. 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